Various components influence how and where the dental calculus forms. The formation of calculus can drastically vary from patient to patient. The timing and triggers of these events are not well understood. These layers form during the calcification process of the dental plaque. Dental calculus often forms in layers which are easily visible through the use of both electron and light microscopy. The bacteria cells are coated in a layer of iron obtained from heme which occurs during gingival bleeding. Subgingival calculus forms just below the gumline and is usually dark in color from the presence of black-pigmented bacteria. These areas experience a particularly high flow of saliva because of their location to the salivary glands. The supragingival calculus formation is most prevalent on the check surfaces of the upper jaw molars in addition to the tongue’s surfaces of the lower jaw incisors. The processes of the formation of calculus from dental plaque is not well understood. Ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments can be used to remove calculus buildup. Unfortunately, once it is formed, the calculus is too hard to effectively remove it with a toothbrush. Regular brushing and flossing can help remove the plaque from which calculus forms. The formation of calculus is associated with various clinical issues which include bad breath, receding gums and inflamed gingiva. Calculus can form both along the gumline or supragingival and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva. This results in calculus buildup and compromises the gum’s health. However, the rough and hard surface which forms acts as a perfect surface for the further formation of plaque. This process of precipitation actually kills off the bacterial cells that are within the dental plaque. It is caused by the collection of minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid in plaque found on the teeth. In dentistry, calculus or Tar-Tar is a specific form of dental plaque which has hardened.
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